Male Carica Crude Solvent Extracts

Male Carica Crude Solvent Extracts Male pawpaw tree have flowers that grow on short stalks (Chin et al., 2001). Carica papaya is a native of the tropics of America, perhaps from Southern Mixico and neighouring central American (Morton, 1987). According to Eno et al. (2000), pawpaw is the fruits, of the plant. Carica papaya belong to the genus carica. Preliminary qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis of ethanol and aqueous extracts of C. papaya showed the presence of many phytocompounds. These extracts were found to inhibit these eight test micro-organisms: Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium notatum, Fusarium solani and Candida albican.(Okoye, 2011). Proximate analysis of leaves of C. papaya also showed appreciable quantity of ash content, crude protein, crude fat, crude fibre, carbohydrate and high calorific value (Okoye et al., 2011). In this present work, the author intends to study the preliminary pharmaceutical constituent s of crude solvent extracts of flower and stalk of male Carica papaya since little or no work had been done in this area. The aim and objective of this work is to determined the phytocompounds present in flower and stalk of male Carica papaya; to extract the crude solvent extracts of the flower and stalk of male C. papaya and to find out whether the solvent extracts can inhibit the growth of ten pathogenic fungi. Carica papaya is composed of many biological active compounds, many of which are found concentrated in the latex, which is present in parts of the plant (Madrigal et al., 1980). Within Carica papaya plants, the concentration of bio-actives will vary with position of plant, age of plant and cutivar. Also, concentration of bioactive differs between male, hermaphrodite and female plants. Female plants exude more latex than hermaphrodite and male plants. Carica papaya latex is rich in cystein proteinases which are proteolytic enzymes (caricain, chymopapain, papain and glucylendopeptidase) these constitute 80% of latex enxymes. Other enzymes present are glycosyl hydrolases (à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢-1, 3-glucanases, chitiriases and lyzozynus) protease inhibitors (cystertin and ghtaminylcyclotrunsferces and lipases (Moussaoul et al., 2001). It was reported that intake of two table spoons of pulverized papaya seeds mixed with hot water twice per day is used in the traditional management of diabetes and obesity (Adeneye and Olagunju, 2009). Carica papaya (pawpaw) contains the enzyme papain, a protease used for tendering meat and other proteins (Morton, 1987). The fruits are popu larly used and processed into juice and wine, and also cooked as vegetable (Gragson, 2001). The seeds are medically important in the treatment of sickle cell disease and poisoning related disorder. The lead tea or extract had a reputation as a tumor destroyer agent. The flesh green tea is antiseptic while the brown dried leaves are best served as tonic and blood purifier (Ezugwu, 2008). Due to its antioxidant and fibre content, it is used in treatment of ailments such as chronic indigestion, overweighing, obesity, high blood pressure (Everetta, 2003). Sample Collection and Preparation Flower stalk of male Carica papaya was collected from Adazi-enu in Anaochia Local Government Area of Anambra State, Nigeria. It was dried under air and mild sun-shine, for about three weeks and ground into powders. The ground sample was then kept in a clean polyethylene bottle until needed for analysis. Phytochemical and the extraction of the active components are determined by the methods outlined by Harbon (Harbon, 1973). The antifungal activity of flower and stalk of male C. papaya was determined by agar well diffusion method (Okeke et al., 2001). The zone of inhibition was recorded to the nearest size in mm (Norrel, 1997). After extraction of the active components using three different solvents separately (Ethanol, Water and N-hexane), the solvent extracts were evaporated to dryness at about 67, 98 and 66 °C respectively in a water bath separately. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5mg of dry ethanolic, n-hexane and water extracts were weighed into five different labeled test tubes differently. T hen 10ml of the corresponding solvents used for extraction was added to the dried extracts to make 0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4 and 0.5mg/ml concentrations of the extracts. The MIC of flower and stalk of male Carica papaya were found out by using 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5mg/ml of each extract which were added to test tubes containing 1ml of sterile medium. The tubes were then inoculated with a drop of microbial suspension and incubated for 48 hours at 25 °C. Then 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5mg/ml of amphotericin B (for A. flavus, F. verticilloides, A. parasiticus, F. oxysporum and Fluconazole (for all candida was used for positive control and water for negative control respectively. The MIC value was determined, macroscopically after incubation in comparison with the growth and sterility control. MFC; the plates (petri-dishes) were divided into six different sections and labeled with the different concentration on the base of the plates, these were used to plate out the contents of each tube with the respective sections of the plate. The plates were incubated for 18 24 hours at 37 °C after which the MFC were recorded. Three replicates were done fo r each extract concentration and control against the fungi. Results Tables 1: Qualitative Phytochemical Analysis of Flower and Stalk of Male Carica papaya Class of phytocompound Inference Alkaloid Flavonoid Saponin Tannins Terpenoids Steroids Phenol Cardiac glycosides + + + ++ + + ++ Key: + = present, = absent Table 2: Quantitative Estimates of Phytochemical Constituents of Flower and Stalk of Male Carica papaya Class of phytocompound Inference Alkaloid Flavonoid Saponin Tannins Terpenoids Steroids Phenol Cardiac glycosides 0.53à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ±0.01 0.86à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ±0.02 0.37à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ±0.02 2.60à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ±0.01 0.21à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ±0.01 0.08à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ±0.01 Nil 1.87à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ±0.02 Table 3: Antifungal activities of crude solvent extracts of flowers and stalk of male Carica papaya Text organisms (fungi) Conc. of extract (mg/ml) Average Diameter (mm) of Inhibition Zone +ve control for all Candida: Fluconazole others: Anaphotericin -ve Control distil Water Distill H2O EtOH N-Hexane Aspergillus niger 0.1 1.9  ± 0.20 NA NA 16.26  ± 0.25 NA 0.2 2.8  ± 0.10 NA NA 19.00  ± 0.10 NA 0.3 3.1  ± 0.02 2.33  ± 0.02 NA 21. 6  ± 0.21 NA 0.4 4.04  ± 0.10 3.21  ± 0.01 NA 23.2  ± 0.28 NA 0.5 5.00  ± 0.02 3.98  ± 0.10 2.41  ± 0.02 24.80  ± 0.01 NA Microsporum gypseum 0.1 NA NA NA 8.00  ± 0.02 NA 0.2 NA NA NA 8.60  ± 0.10 NA 0.3 NA 2-33  ± 0.02. NA 8.60  ± 0.06 NA 0.4 2.61 ± 0.01 3.21  ± 0.01 NA 9.98  ± 0.22 NA 0.5 3.22  ± 0.01 3.89  ± 0.10 NA 10.40  ± 0.01 NA Candida albican 0.1 2.40 ± 0.01 7.5  ± 0.02 2.00  ± 0.01 30.08  ± 0.02 NA 0.2 2.63 ± 0.01 8.2  ± 0.01 2.88  ± 0.02 33.20  ± 0.02 NA 0.3 3.91 ± 0.02 9.00  ± 0.03 3.12 ± 0.01 35.80  ± 0.10 NA 0.4 4.62 ± 0.02 9.97  ± 0.01 3. 92  ± 0.01 37.00  ± 0.03 NA 0.5 4.88  ± 0.10 11. 00  ± 0.02 4.17  ± 0.02 30.28  ± 0.17 Aspergillus flavus 0.1 1.21 ± 0.01 2.80  ± 0.20 NA 17.80  ± 0.10 NA 0.2 1.90  ± 0.10 3.65  ±0.10 NA 21. 00  ± 0.20 NA 0.3 2.40  ± 0.20 4.00  ± 0.02 NA 23.23  ± 0.10 NA 0.4 2.86  ± 0.01 4.86  ± 0.01 NA 25.00  ± 0.05 NA 0.5 3.16  ± 0.30 5.37  ± 0.20 NA 28.4  ± 0.10 NA Fusarium Verticilloides 0.1 NA NA NA 7.00  ± 0.30 NA 0.2 NA NA NA 7.90  ± 0.02 NA 0.3 NA NA NA 9.00  ± 0.30 NA 0.4 NA NA NA 9.58  ± 0.01 NA 0.5 NA NA NA 10.22 ± 0.07 NA Aspergillus parasiticus 0.1 1.38  ± 0.02 NA 3.73 ± 0.01 23. 80  ± 0.2 NA 0.2 2.06  ± 0.01 NA 4.02  ± 0.30 24.00  ± 0.10 NA 0.3 2.97  ± 0.02 NA 4.08  ± 0.20 25.61  ± 0.50 NA 0.4 3.30  ± 0.02 NA 4.60  ± 0.01 26. 00  ± 0.20 NA 0.5 3.88 ± 0.01 NA 4.88  ± 0.02 27.20  ± 0.10 NA Fusarium oxysporum 0.1 NA NA NA 18.37  ± 0.40 NA 0.2 NA NA NA 20.00  ± 0.20 NA 0.3 NA NA NA 21.56  ± 0.10 NA 0.4 NA NA NA 22.26  ± 0.10 NA 0.5 NA NA NA 24.00  ± 0.01 NA Candida glabrata 0.1 1. 35  ± 0.01 2. 60  ± 0.01 4. 30  ± 0.01 22.00  ± 0.01 N a 0.2 2.29  ± 0.03 4.31  ± 0.03 2. 10  ± 0.02 24.1 8  ± 0.20 NA 0.3 2 .96  ± 0.02 5.65  ± 0.01 2.80  ± 0.03 26.00  ± 0.02 NA 0.4 3. 12  ± 0.03 7. 04  ± 0.01 3. 20  ± 0.02 27.86  ± 0.30 NA 0.5 3. 84  ± 0.01 8. 52  ± 0.02 3. 90  ± 0.01 29.00  ± 0.10 NA Candida parasilosis ticum 0.1 3.80  ± 0.02 4.20  ± 0.02 2.02  ± 0.01 23.00  ± 0.10 NA 0.2 4.22  ± 0.02 4.86  ± 0.01 2.23  ± 0.02 23.86 ± 0.20 NA 0.3 4.92  ± 0.01 5.12  ± 0.02 2.77  ± 0.01 24.12  ± 0.02 NA 0.4 5.28  ± 0.02 5.66  ± 0.01 3. 12  ± 0.04 26.00  ± 0.10 NA 0.5 5. 88  ± 0.01 5.91  ± 0.01 3.93  ± 0.01 27.88  ± 0.30 NA Candida tropicalis 0.1 3.48  ± 0.20 NA 0.10  ± 0.02 2 1.00  ± 0.20 NA 0.2 4.01  ± 0.01 NA 2.1 5  ± 0.02 2 1.95  ± 0.10 NA 0.3 4.69  ± 0.02 3.66  ± 0.02 2.54  ± 0.01 23.00  ± 0.10 NA 0.4 5.20  ± 0.01 5.00 ± 0.03 3.23  ± 0.20 23.86  ± 0.02 NA 0.5 5.87  ± 0.01 6.91 ± 0.01 3. 87  ± 0.04 25.00  ± 0.03 NA Tables 4: Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) Minimum inhibitory concentration (mg/ml) Test organisms (Fungi) Water extract (MIC) Ethanol extract (MIC) Hexane extract (MIC) Aspergillus niger 0.05 ± 0.01 0.25 ± 0.01 0.45 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ± 0.01 Microsporum gypseum 0.35 ± 0.02 0.25 ± 0.03 NI Candida albican 0.05 ± 0.02 0.05 ± 0.01 0.05 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ± 0.01 Aspergillus flavus 0.05 ± 0.02 0.05 ± 0.01 NI Fusarium verticilloides NI NI NI Aspergillus parasiticus  ± 0.01 NI 0.05  ± 0.01 Fusarium oxysporum NI NI NI Candida glabrata 0.05 ± 0.01  ± 0.01 0.05  ± 0.01 Candida parasilosis 0.05  ± 0.01 0.05  ± 0.01 0.05  ± 0.01 Candida tropicalis 0.05  ± 0.01 0.25  ± 0.01 0.05  ± 0.01 NI: No Inhibition Tables 5: Minimum fungicidal Concentration (MFC) of Ten Fungi Minimum fungicidal concentration (mg/ml) Test organisms (Fungi) Water extract (MFC) Ethanol extract (MFC) N-Hexane extract (MFC) Aspergillus niger 0.04 ±0.01 0.15 ±0.03 0.23 ±0.02 Microsporum gypseum 0.30 ±0.01 0.25 ±0.01 NI Candida albican 0.02 ±0.01 0.02 ±0.01 0.02 ±0.02 Aspergilus flavus 0.05 ±0.01 0.05 ±0.02 NI Fusarium verticilloides NI NI NI Asperigillus parasiticus 0.05 ±0.01 NI 0.03 ±0.01 Fusarium oxysporum NI NI NI Candida glabrata 0.05 ±0.03 0.03 ±0.01 0.02 ±0.01 Candida parasilosis 0.05 ±0.01 0.03 ±0.01 0.05 ±0.02 Candida tropicalis 0.03 ±0.01 0.05 ±0.01 0.05 ±0.01 Key: NI: No Inhibition Discussion Table 1 and 2 showed both qualitative and quantitative estimate of phytocompounds present in the flower and stalk of male Carica papaya. The phytochemical constituents of the flower and stalk are as follows: alkaloids 0.53  ± 0.01%, floaonoid 0.08  ± 0.02% saponins 0.37  ± 0.02% tannins 2.06  ± 0.01%, terpenoid 0.02  ± 0.01%, steroids 0.08  ± 0.01, phenol nil, cardiac glycoside 1.87  ± 0.02%. The flower and stalk of male Carica papaya contain an appreciable quantity of alkaloids. It could be used to remedy some diseases, depending on the type of alkaloids it contains. The presence of alkaloids signified the possession of medicinal values within the flower and stalk. Pure isolated alkaloids are used as basic medicinal agents and fungicidal properties. The presence of steroids in the sample indicates that it could be used to decrease the presence of cholesterol in the bloodstream. Saponins have been used in the treatment of cardiovascular disorders, they facilitate and ea se the process of digestion and encourage the growth of beneficial bacteria within the intestine. Saponins also contribute to health and efficiency of the immune system by binding to germs and other pathogens as they enter the body. In this sense they function as natural anti-bodies. They are found to be antimicrobial and are particularly effective when used to treat yeast a infections. The presence of cardiac glycosides in the flower and stalk of male Carica papaya indicates that it could be used, in the treatment of congestive heart failure and cardiac arrhythmia. Table 3 portrayed the result of antifungal activities of three solvent extracts of the flower and stalk of male Carica papaya on ten micro-organisms (fungi) investigated in this work. They are: A. niger, M. gyspseum, C. albican, A. flavus, F. verticilloides, A. paraciticus, F. oxysporum, C. glabrata, C parasilosis and C. tropicalis. Five different concentrations of aqueous, ethanolic, and normal hexane extracts were used. At 0.1-0.5mg/ml concentration, aqueous extract showed some inhibitory effect on eight out of the ten test fungi. The fungi are; A niger, M. gypseum, C. albican, A flavus, C. parasilosis, A. parasiticus, C. glabrata and C. tropicalis. No action was recorded on the two remaining test fungi: F. verticilloides and F. oxysporum. At 0.1-0.2mg/ml concentration, ethanol extract shows some inhibitory effect on seven out of the ten test fungi. These are: A, niger, M. gypseum, C. albican, A. flavus, C. glabrata, C. parasilosis and C. tropicalis. At 0.1-0.2mg/ml, ethanolic extr act shows no action against three fungi. These are; F. verticilloides, A. parasiticus, and F. oxysporum. At 0.1-0.5mg/ml, n-hexane extract indicated some inhibitory effect on six out of the ten test fungi. These are: A, niger, C. albican, A. parasiticus, C. glabrata, C. parasilosis and C. tropicalis. It had no action on four fungi. These are: M. gypseum, A. flavus, F. verticilloides and F. oxysporum.. Table 3 also showed the commercial drugs used as positive and negative control. Positive control using two different antibiotics specifically showed remarkable inhibitory effects on the ten test fungi while the negative control showed no action against the ten test fungi. Table 4 showed the results of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the aqueous, ethanolic and n-hexane extracts of flower and stalk of male Carica papaya on the ten test fungi. The least MIC of the aqueous extract 0.05  ± 0.01mg/ml was shown on five test fungi: These are A. niger, A. parasiticus, C. glabrata, C. parasilosis and C. tropicalis. MIC of the ethanolic extract 0.05  ± 0.0lmg/ml was shown on four test fungi. These are, C. albican, A. flavus, C. glabrata, and C. parasilosis. MIC of the n-hexane extract 0.05  ± 0.0lmg/ml was shown on five test fungi. These are: C. albican, A. parasiticus, C. glabrata, C. parasilosis and C. tropicalis. Table 5 showed the result of minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of the aqueous, ethanolic and n-hexane extract of flower and stalk of male Carica papaya on ten test fungi. For aqueous extract, the least MFC 0.2  ± 0.01mg/ml was shown on one test fungi,Candida albican. For ethanolic extract, the MFC 0.02  ± 0.0lmg/ml was shown on one test fungi Candida albican. For n-hexane extract the least MFC 0.02  ± 0.01mg/rnl was shown on one test fungi: Candida glabrata. Conclusion The analytical investigation showed that, the crude solvent extracts of flower and stalk of male Carica papaya have antigfungal effect on these microorganisms; Aspergillus niger, Microsporum gypseum Candida albican, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus, Candida glabrata, Candida parasilosis and Candida tropicalis. This implies that crude solvent extracts of flower and stalk of male Carica papaya can be used to cure the diseases caused by the above mentioned microorganisms. Bioactive ingredients responsible for the antimicrobial properties of the flower and stalk of male C. papaya should be elucidated.         Ã‚   Male C. papaya Plant Flower and Stalk of male Carica papaya References 1.Okoye, E.I., Orakwue, F.C. and Ebeledike, A.O. (2011).Nutritive Evaluation of Seeds of Gongronema latifolium (utazi) and leaves of Carica papaya.Anachem Journal, Vol. 5(1): pp. 985 988. ISSN: 2006-5221. 2.Okoye, E.I. (2011). Preliminary Phytochemical Analysis and Antimicrobial Activity of Seeds of Carica papaya. Journal of Basic Physical Research, Vol. 2, No. 1, Pp. 66 69. ISSN: 2141- 8411. 3.Okeke M.I., Iroegbu C.U., Eze. E.N., Okoli A.S and Esimone C.O. (2001): Evaluation of extracts of the root of Landolphia owerrience for antimicrobial activity. J. Ethnopharmacol, 78:119-127. 4.Norrel S.A and Messley K.E. (1997) Microbiology Application. Prentice Hall Upper saddles River. New Jersey, pp: 85-90. 5.Harbon J.B. (1973): Phytochemical methods, A guide to modern techniquies of palnt analysis 2nd edition Chapman and Hall, London, pp 1-32,36. 6.Eno A.E., Owo O.I., Itam E.H.and R.S. Konya (2000): Blood pressure depression by the fruit juice of C. papaya (L) in renal and DOCA induced hypertension in the rat. Journal of phytotherapy research, Vol. 9, No. 4, pp.235-239. 7.Moussaoul A., Nijs M., Paul C., Wingtjens R.,Vencent J., Azarkan M., Looze Y. (2001): Revising the enzymes stored in the laticfiers of C. papaya in the context of their possible participation in the plant defence mechanism. Cellular and molecular life science. Vol. 58,pp. 556-570. 8.Morton J.F.(1987): Major medicinal plants, C.C. Thomas, Spring field, Illinois, USA, pp. 346- 346. Retrieved 23rd May, 2015. 9.Adeneye A. and Olagunju J, (2009): Preliminary hypoglycemic and hypolopideimic activities of the aqueous seed extract of Carica papaya lin, in wister rats, Biology and medicine,pp.1-10. 10.Everetta B.M., (2003): Carpaine an Alkaloid of Carica papaya, Journal of Chemistry and Pharmac

Seamus Heaneys Background and Poetry Essay -- Seamus Heaney Poets Poe

Seamus Heaney's Background and Poetry Seamus Heaney had a Roman Catholic upbringing in a rural area of Northern Ireland. How does his poetry reflect his background? Heaney's poetry is able to reflect his background by his use of language and the technique he expresses his experiences. I will cover his background into three sections: his childhood, the community and his reflections. I will start by looking at his feelings and experiences in the poem 'Death of a Naturalist'. The poet remembers the time when he was a young child. He saw the reality of what frogs were really like in the outdoors compared to what was taught in school. In school, the frogs are described like a typical teacher talking to young pupils. It is very patronising and cosy hiding the fact that they are 'rank', off-putting and sickening in certain ways. For e.g. "the dam gross-bellied frogs were cocked" and " Poised like mud grenades, their blunt heads farting". They are described as being like grenades due to their size, shape, colour and the "scary" croaking noises that the creature makes. It was a new experience for him for he had not heard the noises before," to a coarse croaking that I had not heard before". He did not feel in the right situation and it was like he had never felt like that before. During his experience, he felt insecure, anxious and self-doubting. He puts himself down for he blames himself for the "obscene threats" the frogs were giving him. His use of language is able to quickly adjust the mood from a pleasant school setting to a horrid, smelly and repellent atmosphere. Heaney understood the straightforward and simplistic teachings at school but is bewildered and scared when he approaches the frogs. The po... ... fascinated by her he knows he shouldn't be because she has done wrong. Even though he feels so deeply of this girl he realises how foolish he was by letting them carry on with the punishment; "I who stood dumb". In some cases Heaney is able to use oxymoron in order to describe how society can be a catastrophe at times. He uses the descriptive words "civilized outrage" to show this. He puts two opposite words together to form a different meaning. Hence the word "civilize" and "outrage". Heaney has experienced many tragedies in his life from "Mid Term Break" to "Punishment". He clarifies this using his own expertise of writing to create descriptive poems like these. What must be said about him is how he is talented enough to deliver what is suppose to be delivered, very effectively in order for a reader like me to have such an impact on what is said.

recruits :: essays research papers

The Army announced yesterday that it missed its recruiting goal for the fourth consecutive month, a deepening manpower crisis that officials said would require a dramatic summer push for recruits if the service is to avoid missing its annual enlistment target for the first time since 1999. The Army will make a "monumental effort" to bring in the average 10,000 recruits a month required this summer, said Maj. Gen. Michael D. Rochelle, head of the Army's recruiting command. An additional 500 active-duty recruiters will be added in the next two months -- on top of an increase of 1,000 earlier this year. The Pentagon is also considering asking Congress to double the enlistment bonus it can offer to the most-prized recruits -- from $20,000 to $40,000 -- and to raise the age limit for Army active-duty service from 35 to 40, he said. "The challenge is one of historic proportions," Rochelle said, acknowledging that he is not sure whether the traditional summer surge in Army recruits will take place, or how large it might be. Violent, long deployments to Iraq and a sound job market at home have combined to reduce what the Army calls the "propensity to enlist" -- the percentage of young Americans willing to consider Army service -- which dropped from 11 percent last year to about 7 percent this year. "What I don't know, in all candor, is how the reduced propensity will dampen" the recruiting prospects of summer, Rochelle said in an interview. "I wish the summer period were about twice as long." The Army's recruiting difficulties are only expected to grow. "Next year promises quite frankly, given the size of our entry pool, to be an even tougher fight," he said. "God forbid a downward trend" in the willingness to serve, he added. The Army missed its May active-duty recruiting goal of 6,700 by 1,661 recruits, pushing the shortfall for fiscal 2005 to 8,321 -- or more than a month's worth of recruits. The shortfall would have been 37 percent if the Army had not lowered its May goal. Overall, the Army has sent 40,964 enlistees to boot camp, and has four months to nearly double that figure to reach the 80,000 goal for this fiscal year. Army, Navy and Marine Corps reserve forces also missed their goals for May. Army National Guard enlistments for the month fell short by 29 percent, Army Reserves by 18 percent, Marine Corps Reserves by 12 percent and Navy Reserves by 4 percent, according to figures released yesterday by the Pentagon.

“Rhetorical Analysis of “I Have a Dream”

IntroductionThe day of August 28, 1963 At the Lincoln Memorial 200,000 people gathered after the March on Washington. This is where Dr. Martin Luther King delivered his speech â€Å"I Have a Dream† to America. He spoke about the injustices of segregation and discrimination of African Americans that was taking place in our nation. In his first statement he said, â€Å"I am happy to join with you today in what will go down in history as the greatest demonstration for freedom in the history of our nation.† In this statement he has said what he was there to do.He is speaking out for freedom. This speech is one among few to demonstrate the freedom our nation was built upon. We are a nation of democracy and our nation was built on the fact that we have the right to â€Å"alter and institute new government†(Congress). Dr. Martin Luther King’s speeches and demonstrations would provoke a change in the minds and hearts of the American people. He stood up and inspire d a nation into action with his words. With his speech he masterfully uses Ethos, Pathos, and Logos in his rhetoric to provide proof to all Americans that racism and segregation is not the intended foundation of America.EthosAs he delivered his speech on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial he analogizes Lincoln in his speech, â€Å"Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand today, signed the emancipation proclamation.† (King) His use of Lincoln brought authority into his speech. Lincoln was a powerful and great president who empowered the American people throughout the civil war. He gained the trust of America and established a new sense of freedom. Martin Luther King is invoking the authority of Lincoln and his view on civil rights. This is providing a strong ethos appeal and establishing credibility with his audience.He also uses the Declaration of Independence to invoke authority in his cause. He quotes, ‘â€Å"unalienable Rights† of â€Å"Life, Liberty and the pursuit of  happiness†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Congress) (bible) his use of this quote is to use a supreme authority as being on his side. He is stating that the American government has neglected on the obligation to ALL of the American people. He is setting up his own credibility by tapping into authority of a great American and our constitution.PathosHis use of pathos is incredible as he strikes emotional values of both black and white people. His use of the bible causes an emotional response, ‘â€Å"And the glory of the Lord shall be revealed and all flesh shall see it together.† (Isaiah) He is using the bible to provide a belief and faith in what he is saying is truth, and that all people will stand together.His use of metaphors throughout his speech is keeps his audience engaged in his fight for freedom, he states â€Å"And so even though we face the difficulties of today and tomorrow, I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in t he American dream.† (King) He uses the American dream to appeal to all Americans. He is saying that his dream is part of the American dream that we all deserve to have the freedom to dream.He also uses the appeal that he is a father and that he wants more for his children. â€Å"I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but the content of their character.† (King) This is allowing the listener to relate to him as a father and the aspirations we hold for our children. It provides a human appeal and uses pathos.LogosHe also uses logos in his analogies. When he states, â€Å"America has given the Negro people a bad check, a check which has come back marked ‘insufficient funds.’† (King) His analogy is using logic as a form of reasoning. He reasons is that everyone understands money and that the listener is able to relate to being handed a bad check.ConclusionMartin Lu ther King’s skillful and articulate use of rhetoric in his â€Å"I have a Dream† speech was a major turning point in American history and represented a firm stand for equal rights. He spoke out to confront the issues of racism in our nation. This speech was not the beginning or the ending, but a remarkable moment in the fight for equal rights of everyone. â€Å"When all of God’s children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing,† â€Å"Free at last! Free at last!† (King)

Hunter’s in The Snow Essay

The story Hunter’s in the Snow is a fiction published in the year 1982. The author Tobias Wolff tells the story of three men Tub, Frank and Kenny who decide to go on a trip to the woods for hunting. As I read on I find that as the story develops the character unveils. The presentation of the characters does not reveal much and I come to know about the characters only through their actions and I keep guessing about their real self. The three characters who appear to be good friends at the surface have hidden secrets which they conceal from each other and these truths later on lead to their destruction. As the story develops I am surprised to know that they have bitterness for each other which are emphasized in the apt setting of the cold, drab winter time. Their arrogant conversations expose the inhuman complexities of the human nature which is as freezing and unemotional as the winter snow. There are a lot of autobiographical elements in the story and Wolff‘s life is seen within the characters. The opening seems fascinating to me, Tub had been waiting for an hour in the falling snow (Wolff 1) and this draws my curious mind into the story and I am eager to know what follows. The story also makes me reminiscent of my days of hunting with my father during the winter. The dialogues between the hunters remind me how we used to enjoy Mukherjee 2 talking and making fun. I like everything until Kenny appears to be going crazy. He starts hating certain things and shoots at them. It’s pathetic to read when he tells Tub; I hate you (Wolff 78) and before Kenny could pull the trigger Tub shoots Kenny right in the stomach and knocks him over backwards. But the most scheming part to me seems the way in which Frank and Tub behave after the incident. They stop at a coffee shop; forget that they have lost their notes and map and that they are driving in an opposite direction to the hospital. It is strange that with the conservations between the two friends I also become oblivious of the fact that Kenny is bleeding in the car. The efficacy of writing by the writer in relating the conversations between Frank and Tub is so heartfelt and the things revealed so shocking and horrendous that I almost forget the dying Kenny and when at the end I come to know he’s dead it does not surprise me much. The weakness of the story is the narration which is very distant and the speaker just states fact. It’s the setting and dialogues that give insight into the characters. The story is no doubt interesting but inhuman. I read the story Bullett in the Brain and this one attracted me too . The author presents his characters normal and sensible this moment and mad people the next moment. But the story instead of giving me answers to different life situations feels my mind with a lot of questions. It may appear normal that the men who are instinctively primeval are befitting with the primordial settings of the woods but I really cannot come to terms that how Frank and Tub stay so cool and talk on divorce, lust and such things while stuffing themselves with coffee and pancakes while Kenny bleeds to death. I really feel hatred towards them. May be to get rid of persecution they had to let him die. Therefore the story really does not end but it continues to develop in the hearts of readers like me who are eager to find the answers.

Human †Religion Essay

I really have to give credit for my religion & beliefs for my search on the meaning of life. I’m a fully baptized Catholic, and a part of God’s Church. 17 years of being a Catholic and in search of the meaning of life, I have always thought it is about the Call to Holiness. My religion taught me that being a part of God’s Church is no accident, but because God wanted to share in His own blessed life, and in doing so He wanted me to desire & serve Him freely by following His will. And by following his will, God will grant me eternal happiness which will lead to my salvation. All Catholics knew that God sent His son, Jesus, to set an example for us. Jesus showed the perfect example & answered the call to Holiness. He showed us that we should love our neighbors as God showed His love for us; and that is what the Call to Holiness is. In search for the true meaning of life, it will take plenty of years, but for now I plan to stick with what my religion has taught me. Carl Rogers Carl Rogers emphasized & focused on self-actualization. He believed that a person should develop his/her potential to the fullest, and in good condition. In doing so, the environment of a person should be inherently good. A person will only stop developing if constraints block the development. A fully developed person shows that he/she achieved the highest level of being a right & fully-functioning human being. Mahatma Gandhi. Mahatma Gandhi, which means â€Å"great soul,† was an ideologist during the Independent movement of India from the British. As an ideological leader he believed violence should never be an answer to fight for his people’s rights, and should never take discrimination. He also believed that harmony, truth & equality exists between all religions. With these 2 influential personas, I have noticed similarities between them. They both talk about human beings having a common good inside of them. They emphasized that all humans were born good, but because of destructive  environment, they tend to turn their backs on what is right. Sources: http://www.simplypsychology.org/carl-rogers.html. http://www.ask.com/question/what-were-gandhi-s-beliefs.

An advice leaflet for teenagers on how to lead a healthier lifestyle

To start with, if you want to look good and stay fit, you should exercise and eat a healthy and balanced diet. Today, 25% of the world’s population are dying from heart disease which is caused by fat blocking the artery which carries blood that goes to the heart and that’s how people die. You can stop this problem by exercising. What good will this do to you? Well, when you run or do any sort of exercise, your body will burn the fat and make you feel lighter. You can argue with me that fat is needed for keeping you warm in the winter. True, but it’s needed in limited amounts. If you exercise, it exercises not only your body but also your heart and will also control your breathing rate. Secondly, you should eat a balanced diet. That is eat carbohydrates: bread, cornflakes, wheat etc. more every day to give you energy to start your day; vitamins and minerals- fruit and veg to boost up your immune system: defence for your body to protect you against harmful diseases and fats and oils for storage and warmth in your body- e.g. chocolate. You should also eat proteins e.g. egg for growth and repair of cells. Thirdly, you should get out, cycle or play football with your friends and feel the fresh, clean and pure breeze rushing on to your face and making you feel refreshed. It also gives you a break from study and calms your mind from stress. You should at least go out for an hour every day. So overall what I am trying to do is to get you all to agree with me that you should exercise, get outside and feel the fresh air and eat a balanced diet for your healthy lifestyle, healthy body and healthy mind. Pictures to fit the above points: An unfit body: A fit body: Let’s see what you have learned. Fill in the quick quiz below: 1. What do you need in order to have a healthy diet? 2. What do you need to do in order to remain fit? 3. What does going outside to play etc. do to you? Submit your answers no later than Tuesday 7th February 2011 on this address: 12, Fitchburg province, Tennessee, US 00345 Website- www.healthyadvicemagazine.com