Anatomy and Physiology Essay Example for Free

Anatomy and Physiology EssayActivity 1 Tissue Types1-1 List the four pillowcases of wander found in the human body and overtake an example of each.1. epithelial example Skin2. Connective example Tendons3. Muscle example Muscles of heart4. Nervous example BrainActivity 2 Epithelial tissue2-1 What ar the characteristics of epithelial tissue? Polarity, Specialized contacts, Supported of connective tissue, Avascular but innervated, Regeneration2-2 What is the function of epithelial tissue? protection, absorption, filtration, secretion, excretion, sensory re execution2-3 Where is epithelial tissue found? outside layer of skin, lines the open cavities of the cardiovascular, digestive, and respiratory system, similarly covers the walls and organs of the closed ventral body cavity2-4 This is a wipe slit of the esophagus. Number 1 represents the lumenof the esophagus. Identify the tissue tokens indicated by 2 and 3.2. Stratified squamous epithel3. Dense irregular connective tis sue2-5 at a lower place is a picture of intestinal villi. Identify the tissue type at 1 and the cell type at 3.1. Simple columnar epithelium3. Goblet cells2-6 Below is a photo of the trachea. Identify the cell modifications at 1, and the tissue types at 2 and 3.1. cillia2. Pseudostratified epithelial layer3. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium2-7 Identify the tissue type at 1 below Simple columnar epithelium2-8 The picture below shows kidney tubules. Identify the tissue type at 1 and 31. Outer wall composed of simple cuboidal epithelium3. Nucleus of a simple cuboidal epithelial cell2-9 The picture below shows a cross-sectional of a lung. The aras labeled 2 ar alveoli, the air sacs of the lungs. What type tissue is 1? Simple squamous epithelium2-10 Identify the tissue or cell types or component below.1. (tissue type) Epithelium2. (tissue type) Lamina Propia3. Cillia4. Mucin in globlet cell5. Cilliated cells of pseudostratified epitheliumActivity 3 Connective tissue3-1 What ar t he characteristics of connective tissue? Common get-go, Degrees of vascularity, Extracelluar ground substance3-2 What are the functions of connective tissue? binding and support, protection, insulation, transportation of substances within the body3-3 Where would you find connective tissue? everywhere in the body, mostly in the primary tissue3-4 The slide below is a section of the small intestine. In this tissue, the collagen fibers are interwoven and irregularly consistent (i.e. they pass along in more than one direction), which provides slap-up structural strength. The tissue is well suited for areas where tension is exerted from many different directions, such as the dermis of the skin, submucosa of the gastrointestinal tract and fibrous capsules of organs and joints. It also forms fascia, the tough, white material that surrounds sinews.What classification of connective tissue is the area marked by 1? Dense irregular3-5 The tissue below is a disembarrass connective tissue co mprised of a semi-fluid anchor substance containing several kinds of loosely-arranged fibers and cells. This is the most widespread type of connective tissue. It is found in every microscopic section of the body, fastening down the skin, membranes, vessels and nerves as well as binding muscles and opposite partstogether. There are two types of fibers, the most numerous of which are thicker, lightly-staining collagenous fibers that crisscross the matrix in a random fashion. Thinner, more darkly stained elastic fibers composed of the protein elastin can also be seen. The principal sum type of cells seen are lightly-staining fibroblasts that secrete the matrix materials.Identify1. Fibroblast nuclei2. Collagen Fiber3. Elastic Fibers3-6 This slide shows a section of a tendon with regularly arranged most packed collagen fibers running in the same direction. This results in a flexible tissue with great resistance to pulling forces. With its enormous tensile strength, this tissue forms stack like tendons, which join muscles to bones, sheet-like aponeuroses, which attach muscles to muscles or muscles to bones, and ligaments, which bind bones together at joints. What classification of connective tissue is this? Dense regularThe nuclei of the cells that secrete the collagen fibers are indicated by the number 1. What type cells are these? Collagen Fibers3-7 The cells of the connective tissue pictured below in a cross section from the trachea are narrow for fat storage and do not form ground substance or fibers. On prepared slides, this type tissue attends somewhat like a fish net with white spaces connected together in a network. The cytoplasm and nucleus have been pushed to one side by a single, large, fat-filled vacuole that occupies the nerve of the cell.Identify1. Cell membrane2. Cell nucleus3. Fat Vacuoles3-8 The slide below shows a section of the trachea (windpipe). Rings of hyaline cartilage engraft within the walls of the trachea provide support and help to maintain an open airway. Hyaline cartilage is the most common form of cartilage in the body, qualification up part of the nose, connecting ribs to the sternum and covering the articulating surfaces of bones. When sectioned and stained, the matrix of hyaline cartilage takes on a light purple color. Cartilage-forming cells called chondroblasts produce this matrix, which consists of an amorphous ground substance heavily invested with collagen fibers. Chondrocytes (mature cartilage cells) can be seen singly or in groups within spaces in the matrix called lacunae. The surface of all cartilage (except for articular cartilage) is covered by a membrane of connective tissue fibers called the perichondrium. Although the perichondrium is well-vascularized, cartilage tissue proper is avascular, which means that oxygen and nutrients have to diffuse from blood vessels in the perichondrium to the chondrocytes within the cartilage proper.Identify1. Cartilage matrix2. Chondrocytes3. Perichondri um4. Adipose cells(Hint for 4 see previous slide)3-9 This image shows a dried section of compact bone. same cartilage, bone cells (osteocytes) occupy spaces (lacunae) found within the dense matrix. A major difference, however, is that the matrix is calcified in bone, which endows bone with the property of hardness and the ability to resist compressive forces. This calcified matrix is deposited in layers called lamellae (singular = lamella) approximately 3-7 microns thick. The most common unit of structure in compact bone is the Haversian system or osteon. In each Haversian system, the lamellae are arranged concentrically around a central Haversian canal which houses nerves and blood vessels (unlike cartilage, bone is well supplied with blood vessels). The lacunae that housemature osteocytes in living bone appear as tapered, black spaces arranged around the concentric lamellae. Slender, branching tubules called canaliculi (little canals) radiate out from the lacunae to form an exten sive network of passageways that connect the bone cells to each other and to the blood supply in the Haversian canal. Identify1. Lacunae2. Haversian canal3. Lamellae3-10 What type connective tissue is pictured below? Blood3-11 What is the matrix of this connective tissue? plasma, no fibers3-12 What are the living cells of this connective tissue? Erythocytes, Leukocytes, Platelets3-13 What is the function of this connective tissue? Carry O2, CO2, nutrients, wastes, and other substances3-14 Identify1. platelets2. neutrophils3. lymphocytes4. erthocytes5. monocytesActivity 4 Muscle tissue4-1 What are the characteristics of muscle tissue? Conductivity, Contractility, Extensibility, ElasticityThe image below shows a longitudinal view of a type of muscle. Note the multiple nuclei that lie at the bang of the muscle fibers as well as the striations (thin lines) formed by the arrangement of the thick and thinmyofilaments. It is the arrangement of these myofilaments that results in the A band s, I bands and Z lines that run perpendicular to the long axis of the myofibrils. 4-2 What type muscle tissue is this? Skeletal4-3 Is this type muscle voluntary or involuntary? Voluntary4-4 What is its function? locomotion, employment of the enviroment, facial expression, voluntary control4-5 Identify1. Muscle cell nuclei2. Muscle fiberAlthough the muscle below is striated, the striations are not so readily patent as in the muscle above. These muscle cells are short, branched and interconnected. Each cell usually contains one centrally located nucleus. These muscle cells are conjugated end-to-end at specialized junctional zones called intercalated discs pointed to by the blue arrows. These discs allow force to be transmitted from one cell to another. Additionally, they contain gap junctions that allow an action potential in one cell to pass directly to an adjoining cell through these electrical synapses.4-6 What type muscle tissue is this? Cardiac4-7 Is it voluntary, or involunta ry? involuntary4-8 Where is it found? in the walls of the heart4-9 This slide shows a longitudinal section of muscle that has been teased apart to reveal the individual muscle cells. Note the spindle shaped muscle fibers, each of which has a single, elongated nucleus. This type muscle is the simplest of the three types of muscle tissue. It is found where slow, sustained contractions are infallible such as in the digestive tract, uterus and other internal organs. Involuntary in nature, its actions are under control of the autonomic sickening system.What type muscle is this? Smooth4-10 The picture below is a close-up view of a single cell from above.Identify 1 Nuclei4-11 This slide shows a cross section of the duodenum (a portion of the small intestine). Note that there are two relatively thick layers of smooth muscle cells that run perpendicular to one another, an outer (thinner) longitudinal layer and an inner (much thicker) circular layer of smooth muscle. Peristaltic contraction s of these two opposing layers of muscle keep food moving through the gut.1. Submucosal connective tissue2. visor smooth muscle layer3. Longitudinal smooth muscle layerActivity 5 Nervous tissue5-1 Name the functional cell of nervous tissue. Neurons5-2 The slide below shows a magnified view of a multipolar neuron from the spinal cord. Note the cell body with its prominent nucleus and nucleolus and the origin of cell processes called axons and dendrites. The numerous small, darkly stained dots are the nuclei of glial cells, primarily astrocytes.